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fantastic thank you very much Lucy it

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wasn't until this morning that I

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realized there might be some

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expectations about how awesome this talk

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might be and that was a really

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terrifying thought so please take any

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expectations and kick them out the door

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I'm in that purgatory right now as a

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graduate student where I don't have a

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lot of results but I have awesome

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background to share with you if you were

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at fame lab last night then you know

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that my field site is in the Canadian

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High Arctic it's a place where elemental

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sulfur has been found on the surface of

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the ice and is considered as an analogue

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to Europa and I would also argue also as

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an analog to Mars I won't discuss that

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in this talk if you'd like to talk about

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it I can discuss those things later over

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a lot of beers this is where my field

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site is located so North America you can

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see Greenland there's Ella's Muir Island

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almost the top of the world I thought it

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was the highest land mass in the planet

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but there are two little islands of

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green line that go a little bit further

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north towards the North Pole but it's 81

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degrees north you can see here looking

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down from the Karman line at 100

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kilometers the structure of this

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north-south trending Valley there are

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mountains on the east and in the West

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where alpine glaciers are coming down

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out of the mountain system in forming

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this large coalescence glacier in the

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valley and it's on this glacier where

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these large deposits of elemental sulfur

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are found around these sulfide Springs

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and I'm sorry for not having a scale bar

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here but this is a rather large deposit

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of elemental sulfur seen in 2006

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observed that year by satellite through

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hyperspectral imaging and also seen in

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2007 in the same region so we can

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identify this sulfur on the surface from

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space with satellites this is a picture

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that looks kind of terrible now on this

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screen that I just took a few weeks ago

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at my field site again you can see this

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large icing here where there's yellow

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elemental sulfur on the surface of the

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glacier to give you a little scale this

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is me standing beside it I'll go back so

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i'll be standing up in the corner up

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here it's basically like the same

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structure standing right there and a

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little dot so you can see me standing

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beside some of this yellow software

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where it comes off the side of the

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glacier fills a small marine and goes

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down through a valley here's another

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look from helicopter when we were flying

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in and looking down there's a

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circular spot up on top of it kind of

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like a lip side that's we called the

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blister this year we've never seen that

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form before except for this year on the

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glacier we don't know why it formed yet

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our current hypothesis is that these

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things form kind of like lava tubes in

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the wintertime form large icings under

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the snow deposit elemental sulfur under

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the snow and once the snow melts in the

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summer we then see all this elemental

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sulfur and it's still being formed

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because as you might know from last

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night there was a blow out of the one

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crevasse near me while I was there we

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went back and investigated that region

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we watched it over the next few days and

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saw sulfur forming on top of that fresh

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snow and so I have samples of that

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sulfur now to work with as well one

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thing for anyone who understands the

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environmental concentrations of hydrogen

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sulfide you will note that this is a

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really high value that's the highest

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amount of sulfide or hydrogen sulfide

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found in any cold spring in North

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America to my knowledge I've never heard

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of anyone finding any more than that and

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so when you're standing there it smells

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just like being in Yellowstone it smells

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like hydrogen sulfide and the question

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originally about this field site is

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where where is all this software coming

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from on the lab there is a geological

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map of the valley so you can see the

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general structure of the glacier I have

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a yellow circle showing where the

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springs are located there are only

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really two large software sources in

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this region geologically most of the

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rock around the valley is carbonate rock

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there's some lime stones from plastics

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and some small intervening shales shell

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has sulfur in usually but not nearly

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enough software to form the masses of

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software we found every summer in the

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Arctic here by the way this was first in

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1988 first observed on foot in 1999 so

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he things been happening every summer

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for almost 30 years so anyway there's

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two regions in the area these two

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geological units in the area that have

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sulfur in and high concentrations are

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both anhydrate layers that contain a lot

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of calcium sulfate and so one is the

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Mount Bailey formation it outcrops

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nearby about 19 kilometers away but

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stratigraphically so in the layers of

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the rock record it should pinch out and

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end long before it gets the 19

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kilometers to my valley the only other

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call

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pretend the one that we think is really

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the source of all this sulfur in the

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form of sulfate is the auto few word

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formation outcrops 21 kilometers away

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but is extensive in the region there is

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dire ISM that occurs with auto fuel

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formation that's where for in this case

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like a salt would move up through the

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rock and form large tubes basically

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because it's lighter than the rock

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around it and so it moves up but those

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those die appears in the region are all

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ten kilometers wide and cause a lot of

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structural variation geologically we

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think we would see here in this region

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if that was happening so we think the

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fluids might have to travel a kilometer

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and a half into the subsurface to

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circulate around to take sulfate out and

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bring that sulfate that's sulfur source

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back to the surface but if there is

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sulfate then we have to figure out how

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we get from sulfate to saw find that h2s

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I told you about well sulfate can be

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reduced to sulfide in two ways through

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thermochemical sulfate reduction through

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biological sulfate reduction in this

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region the permafrost is about 500

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meters thick the geotherm or the change

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in temperature going down to the rocks

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it's about 22 degrees Celsius per

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kilometer which means that it would take

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about seven kilometers into the

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subsurface for thermochemical sulfate

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reduction to happen for anyone who

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understands geophysics that's way too

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deep at that point the rocks are pushing

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too hard for water to get into the

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subsurface so we think is going on is

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biological sulfate reduction it makes

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sense as a pathway and it also is

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supported by isotopic data I'm glad

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Bradley gave you an introduction the

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isotopes and what Delta means I don't

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have to explain this for Delta s this is

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Delta 34 software it's measuring the 34

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software versus 32 sulphur in this

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figure you can see at the auto floor dan

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hydrate again is our culprit gypsum

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precipitate gypsum is calcium sulfate

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dihydrate so it's remnants off eight in

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the spring water that's coming out and

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forming precipitates on the surface

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appears to be enriched in 34 sulfur

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whereas the sulfide and the software

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coming out themselves are much lower or

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depleted in 34 sulfur suggesting that

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microbes are taking this anhydride and

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are reducing the sulfate so that this is

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lie

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and this is heavy and this is supported

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by another feature in the region that I

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haven't talked about a lot to anyone

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here at the conference yet that we've

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called paleo pipes some people in the

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audience who do paleo work won't like me

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using this word to describe these things

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in this case these pipes are at most

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7,500 years old so not millions or

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billions but these are alterations

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features we found in the region near the

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toe of the glacier that appeared to

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possibly be passed pipes where fluids

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had flowed up through the subsurface and

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contacted the glacier and when the

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glacier moved away these pipes were left

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sitting out in the environment and so

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when we see these structures there's the

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carbonate rock out around that carbon

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troc starts to mix with gypsum and we

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see iron oxide iron oxy hydroxides

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around and that red rim you might see

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around the feature in the top left there

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in the center it's a lot of gypsum some

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00:07:47,020 --> 00:07:44,960
elemental sulfur and some sulfide grains

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so it fits the model that we proposed

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for how this is actually forming and

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that supports the overall model of the

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system so meltwater is coming off the

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Blazers nearby these alpine glaciers

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other coalescence glaciers it's going

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into the subsurface potentially taking

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00:08:05,350 --> 00:08:03,169
some of this Permian shale you see here

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00:08:07,900 --> 00:08:05,360
taking some organic carbon out of that

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and using that to metabolize the sulfate

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down below in the salt the subsurface

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driving microbial sulfate reduction and

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so where my part of the research now

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comes in is really looking at what

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happens on the surface where there is

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this oxidation of hydrogen sulphide to

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form that yellow elemental sulfur you've

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seen in these pictures on the ice you

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can see it there in the left in 2006 a

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picture from 2007 the yellow sulfur on

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the ice when we're considering whether

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or not microorganisms could be

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responsible for some of that oxidation

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of hydrogen sulphide to solve for my

236
00:08:44,050 --> 00:08:41,330
past lab mate Catherine right who's been

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00:08:47,949 --> 00:08:44,060
to AB grad con before before moving on

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00:08:50,380 --> 00:08:47,959
did some work just think genomics of a

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spring deposit studying at bf not oneida

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00:08:54,610 --> 00:08:52,610
one the far left there is right at the

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spring source and as you move right

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along this scale it's going further and

243
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further away from the spring so trying

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00:09:02,270 --> 00:09:00,060
to see what organ

245
00:09:04,130 --> 00:09:02,280
isms are present and what she found is

246
00:09:06,740 --> 00:09:04,140
that these two organisms burkholderia

247
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and ralstonia appear to be present in

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the fluids where they emerged from the

249
00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:10,110
glacier potentially being involved in

250
00:09:14,450 --> 00:09:12,410
that sulfate reduction in the subsurface

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00:09:17,030 --> 00:09:14,460
what's interesting is that this other

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00:09:19,100 --> 00:09:17,040
organism flavobacterium appears to

253
00:09:21,680 --> 00:09:19,110
dominate that surface that veneer of

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sulphur that's all over this area and

255
00:09:26,720 --> 00:09:23,460
tens of square kilometers across my

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00:09:28,970 --> 00:09:26,730
field site in the past and the lab

257
00:09:30,890 --> 00:09:28,980
dobnik Gleason who was was in our lab

258
00:09:32,860 --> 00:09:30,900
for a while was doing a lot of gradient

259
00:09:36,170 --> 00:09:32,870
tube culture studies that I continued on

260
00:09:37,880 --> 00:09:36,180
taking gradients of sulfide in the

261
00:09:40,250 --> 00:09:37,890
bottom of a plug and a culture to

262
00:09:42,320 --> 00:09:40,260
allowing oxygen to diffuse in and the

263
00:09:44,300 --> 00:09:42,330
two will mix forming a gradient of

264
00:09:46,610 --> 00:09:44,310
sulfide and oxygen to allow these

265
00:09:48,440 --> 00:09:46,620
organisms to grow and what we found is

266
00:09:50,750 --> 00:09:48,450
not only can they form large blooms of

267
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elemental sulfur in the center of these

268
00:09:55,220 --> 00:09:52,980
tubes compared to controls but that the

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00:09:57,230 --> 00:09:55,230
structure of some of the filaments and

270
00:09:59,420 --> 00:09:57,240
sheets and other things that are formed

271
00:10:01,130 --> 00:09:59,430
are really intriguing eventually really

272
00:10:03,710 --> 00:10:01,140
useful bio minerals for studying these

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00:10:06,350 --> 00:10:03,720
processes if they're occurring in the

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field I have on this figure on the left

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is a general eh pH diagram it's studying

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the the potential energy being shifted

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to the environment and the acidity of

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the environment given parameters from my

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field site and if you look the general

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region of the spring water is coming out

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shouldn't be forming that sulfur rambla

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up to the top the elemental sulfur it

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should all be going straight from

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sulphide up to gypsum in my field site

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so we think not only are organisms

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involved in this process but they're

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doing something to stabilize the

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elemental sulfur at the surface once

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that snow melts in its present it really

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should be oxidized further to sulfate

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and we don't know exactly why yet so in

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my work I'll be working to try to figure

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out if there's various forms of

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morphology things I can look at doing

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some chemistry to but try to pick out

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polysulfides which is a mixture of

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elemental sulfur and one sulfide that

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are mixed together and are usually

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produced by microorganisms that oxidize

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hydrogen sulfide or sulfide and also

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organics are present in the spring

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fluids and so it's worth looking into

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whether or not there's organics around

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the software that we see this is an sem

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image that i have on the right

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here of that paleo pipe feature i took

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some material from it looked at it under

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the electron microscope and although

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their structures much smaller than my

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saw and my gradient tube culture there

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on the left you can still see this long

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spindly filamentous structure that was

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formed by microorganisms my samples I

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don't have a lot of time to jump through

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the rest of this stuff when I show you

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real quick but I'm also doing a lot of

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x-ray spectroscopy x-ray fluorescence

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studies of the samples I have this is an

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image on the right of an x-ray

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fluorescence map conducted at 2500

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electron volts of my sample every atom

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absorbs x-ray energy at a certain energy

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out of certain energy and so I can go in

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and use that to look at my samples and

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figure out what kind of sulfur is

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present in my samples I'm going to skip

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through a couple of these real quick one

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interesting thing I found are these

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things i'm calling sulfur turds in my

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sample you can see it there on the left

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and some images here on the right that

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are pure elemental sulfur inside of this

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sample but that appear to be surrounded

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by what looks like an organosulfur

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through xbase matroska p and you can

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kind of see here that this spot 12 map

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at the top is elemental sulfur and down

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here is the stuff that could be

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organosulfur surrounding it and so with

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that I'd like to show my collaborators

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Steve grasby is my main field

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collaborate is the guy sleeping on the

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ice right there and I'll acknowledge

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them as well Alexis Templeton's my

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adviser she's fantastic and John sphere

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and Christian Betty are doing a lot of

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the genomics work metagenomics and RNA

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work on all the samples that we have and

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again Steve grasby is just the man in

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questions anyone so your field site is

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obviously a cold environment and I'm

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guessing that you go there in the summer

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hmm i'm wondering if these

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microorganisms that are suffering the

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sec that they're cycling the sulfur if

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their fries tolerant and if when it gets

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cold are they just do they just go into

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hibernation or can they still grow is

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there still i actually haven't studied

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that and since i presented earlier than

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this week about doing some freeze

362
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tolerance stuff if you carry it maybe

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work with a little looking into but i

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actually don't know we have them in

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really cold cultures and so they're fine

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but as far as what their freeze

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tolerance level is in sub-zero I'm not

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really certain they're easy to bring

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back once they're frozen though so it

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should be okay to freeze them lower

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maybe I should do a study with that too

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got time for one more question if anyone

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has one no well I have a question please

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and I would like to know these or these

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groups of organisms you're seeing and

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we're seeing single species domination

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or genera it's definitely general we

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think so the flavor bacterium we've been

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trying to work and splitting out like

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which flavor bacteria they are and we

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have one specific one that Katherine's

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been working on a lot to try what she

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was working on a lot that she thinks was

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the primary culprit for this process so